batman the dark night riot strike batman and fear shot scarecrow £37.50 batman the dark night riot strike batman and fear shot scarecrow…

Batman – Lightning Strikes Juvy T-Shirt In Black …

Batman – Lighting Strikes Adult T-Shirt In Cardinal …

Batman – Lighting Strikes Slim Fit Adult T-Shirt In Cardinal …

Covert Attack Batman ~5 Figure: Batman The Brave and the Bold Stealth Strike Series £12.65 Coming off the successful BATMAN Total Armor series, an all-new segment has been released. Introducing the Batman The Brave and the Bold Stealth Strike. Gotham City is in chaos! The Riddler created a blackout, plunging the city into darkness while he causes mayhem in the streets. Now, Batman must use his stealth masks, armors, and vehicles to navigate the dark alleyways and battle the dangerous vi…

Batman Stealth Strike Red Knight Batman £9.49 …

Batman Stealth Strike Batmobile £20.98 …

Batman: Dark Knight Returns £5.45 If any comic has a claim to have truly reinvigorated the genre then The Dark Knight Returns by Frank Miller–known recently for his excellent Sin City series and, previously, for his superb rendering of the blind superhero Daredevil–is probably the supreme contender. Batman represented all that was wrong in comics and Miller set himself a tough task taking on the camp crusader and turning this la…

Batman: The Dark Knight Strikes Again £7.08 Some years after the events of ‘The Dark Knight Returns’, America has become an even worse place to live. But a hero has come to change everything, bringing an army of other forgotten heroes to bear in the war against crime and corruption. Batman’s time has come again….

The Batman Strikes: Duty Calls £4.63 …

Who is batgirl and why dressup in a batgirl costume?

Batgirl is the name of many fictional characters appearing in comic books published by DC Comics, frequently outlined as female counterparts to the superhero Batman. Originally created by Bob Kane and Sheldon Moldoff, the first incarnation of the character, the’Bat-Girl’ Betty Kane, debuted in Batman 139 ( 1961 ) as the sidekick to Batwoman.
The Barbara Gordon version of Batgirl made regular appearances in DC comics from 1967 to 1988. The official retirement of Batgirl took place in Batgirl Special 1 ( June 1988 ), which was made public a couple of months after Barbara Gordon’s shooting by The Joker in the graphic novel Batman : The murdering Joke ( March 1988 ). Betty Kane’s Bat-Girl was basically inquisitive about vigilantism in order to develop a relationship with the original Robin, Dick Grayson, as her introduction into publication was a deliberate attempt to avoid further claims of homosexuality that Seduction of the innocent presented to the public. Her appearance in comic books primarily displayed her character making an attempt to develop a romantic relationship with Robin, in spite of his humiliation or absence of interest.

In the 1999 story Batman : no man’s land, Helena Bertinelli briefly assumes the role of Batgirl till she’s stripped of the identity by Batman towards the conclusion of the story for violating his tough codes. Inside the same year, a new personality introduced in the no person’s Land series, Cassandra Cain, made by Kelley Puckett and Damion Scott, becomes the fourth Batgirl, and she is coached by Batman and Oracle.
A second ongoing Batgirl comic series was launched in 2009 with Stephanie Brown, formerly The Spoiler and momentarily the 4th Robin, as Batgirl.

Supergirl, like Superman, is easily discernible in her costume comprising a striking red-and-blue dress, red cape, miniskirt and high-heeled boots. The most distinguished and striking feature of the costume is emblazoned on her chest.
Quite simply, superhero costumes brighten up Halloween and other important occasions. There is no lack of characters and costumes to make Halloween exciting and remarkable ; it is only a matter of picking up the right one! You can view some great batgirl costume available for this Halloween.
.

About the Author

Derek is a parent, a lover of fun and an avid fan of Funny Halloween Costumes and just having a great time with the family.

Houston Astros – Collage 2010 Art Print Poster £4.84 Houston Astros – Collage 2010 Art Print Poster…

Minute Maid Park, Houston Astros by Ira Rosen Art Print Poster £5.81 Minute Maid Park, Houston Astros by Ira Rosen Art Print Poster…

New Era Houston Astros MLB Adjustable Women’s Baseball Cap £9.99 Official NEW ERA Cap. Houston Astros Design. Baseball. One Size Fits All….

Mlb: 2005 Houston Astros – The Championship Season [DVD] [Region 1] [US Import] [NTSC] £8.68 …

2005 Houston Astros – The Championship Season (REGION 1) (NTSC) …

2010 Topps Allen & Ginter Baseball Card (SP – Shortprint) # 333 Roy Oswalt SP – Houston Astros (Short Print)- MLB Trading Card £3.87 2010 Topps Allen & Ginter Baseball Card (SP – Shortprint) # 333 Roy Oswalt SP – Houston Astros (Short Print)- MLB Trading Card…

2010 Topps Chrome Baseball Card # 131 Michael Bourn – Houston Astros – MLB Trading Card £1.92 2010 Topps Chrome Baseball Card # 131 Michael Bourn – Houston Astros – MLB Trading Card…

2010 Topps Allen & Ginter Baseball Rookie Card # 210 Chris Johnson RC – Houston Astros (RC – Rookie Card)- MLB Trading Card £1.92 2010 Topps Allen & Ginter Baseball Rookie Card # 210 Chris Johnson RC – Houston Astros (RC – Rookie Card)- MLB Trading Card…

Houston Astros 2012 Calendar £12.18 …

Houston Astros …

Watch Detroit Tigers vs Houston Astros Online Live MLB Scores

Do you think about your self to be a true Detroit Tigers vs Houston Astros fan? I know I do, that is why I can by no means miss a Detroit Tigers vs Houston Astros online game. I try to watch as a great deal Detroit Tigers vs Houston Astros as doable; that indicates every single play of each match dwell. In my opinion, when you do not have the ability to watch each football game, you don’t definitely care about football and are therefore not a correct football fan. I know you may be saying that you really do not get the many video games as a result of your cable provider or you don’t pay additional to get the video games on dish, properly now there’s no excuse since you’ll be able to watch Detroit Tigers vs Houston Astros online.

Watch Detroit Tigers vs Houston Astros Games Online live streaming

When I discovered out about the possibility to watch Detroit Tigers vs Houston Astros on-line, I’ve to admit I was excited at initial mainly because there have been so many situations where I wanted to watch a specific video game and was unable to due to my cable business. Now, all I will need is world wide web and I’m ready to watch each and every video game are living, in HD. It really is fantastic application and I’ve to say it has changed me as a sports fan. When one video game is on commercial I simply switch channels to another game. Because of this I’m hardly ever bored and I am watching as a lot football as achievable. You may well be thinking that you never want to watch Detroit Tigers vs Houston Astros on the computer system, nicely that’s also feasible with this wonderful software.

With this new software package, you get all the reside football game titles, new films and Tv shows, not to mention countless music, news and additional. There’s nothing like watching the Detroit Tigers vs Houston Astros winning touchdown live. It’s alot better than catching the highlights and now it is possible to watch it from anywhere, as lengthy as you’ve got web. I personally use this computer software as a result of each of the are living Detroit Tigers vs Houston Astros game titles; on the other hand it is possible to use it to watch any sport live. You also get all of the films and Tv shows which is continually a plus.

Watch Detroit Tigers vs Houston Astros Games Online live streaming

All you could have to do is connect your laptop to your Tv via an hdmi plug, or a male-male monitor wire and you will be in a position to watch all those dwell Detroit Tigers vs Houston Astros video games
on your residence Television. It’s difficult to get superior than that. All you have to do is go to the only site that lets you watch football games online, register, download the software program and you happen to be officially in no way going to miss yet another online game again. Get pleasure from Fans!!

About the Author

Gi Joe: Valor Vs Venom [DVD] [Region 1] [US Import] [NTSC] £17.95 …

Gi Joe: Valor Vs Venom [DVD] [Region 1] [US Import] [NTSC] …

Pretender: Season 1 [DVD] [1997] [Region 1] [US Import] [NTSC] £13.41 …

Uncommon Valor [DVD] [1984] [Region 1] [US Import] [NTSC] …

G.I.Joe Valor Vs Venom Snake Eyes Ninja Lightning Cycle £24.99 …

G.I. JOE: VALOR VS VENOM – BEACHHEAD & COBRA B.A.T. 3.75 FIGURE 2 PACK £12.99 …

G.I. Joe A Real American Hero Valor Versus Venom 4 Inch Action Figure – Sgt. Stalker with Backpack, Pistol and Assault Rifle £19.43 The survival instincts of Sgt. Stalker were honed at an early age on the mean streets of his home town, a fact which gives him a distinctive edge over those who first received their combat training in their late teens under less demanding circumstances. He’s no poser; He doesn’t just walk the walk and talk the talk. He’s the real thing, and he’s taking names. Ranger trained and airborne qualified,…

G.I. Joe TCG – Venom Vs. Valor Booster Pack …

G.I. Joe Films, Including: G.I. Joe: The Movie, G.I. Joe: Valor vs. Venom, G.I. Joe: Spy Troops, G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra, G.I. Joe: The Rise £5.93 …

Trader avec les niveaux de DiNapoli : L’application pratique de l’analyse de Fibonacci aux marchés financiers £50.85 …

Usmc War Memorial – a Tribute to our Fallen Marines

The United States Marine Corps War Memorial, (also known as the Iwo Jima Memorial) is a statue that overlooks the Potomac River at the entrance to Arlington National Cemetery in Washington, D.C. It has been placed there in dedication to all Marines who have given their lives in defense of their country. Its design was inspired by the most famous and iconic war-time photo ever taken, that of the flag-raising atop Mount Suribachi during World War II in the Battle of Iwo Jima in 1945 by the Pulitzer Prize winning photographer Joe Rosenthal. The Marines in the photo are Sargeant Michael Strank, Corporal Harlon Block, PFC Franklin Sousley, PFC Rene Gagnon, PFC Ira Hayes, and PHM2 John Bradley (U.S. Navy Corpsman). Strank, Block, and Sousley did not survive the battle.

Work on the project was authorized by Congress in 1947 and work began on the cast bronze memorial in 1951 and was dedicated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on November 10, 1954 which was the 179th anniversary of the Marine Corps. President John F. Kennedy issued a proclamation in 1961 stating that an American flag would be displayed onsite 24 hours a day. The memorial was sculpted by Felix de Weldon and designed by Horace W. Peaslee. The cost of construction was $850,000 and the debt was covered entirely by donations, of which 96 percent came from the Marines themselves.

Felix de Weldon was born in Austria on April 12, 1907 and died on June 3, 2003 in Woodstock, Virginia and was buried in Arlington National Cemetary. He worked on the memorial from 1945 to 1954 paying particular attention to every detail. The uniforms, helmets, boots were all recreated accurately. The 3 survivors of the battle modeled their faces in clay and photos were collected from the 3 who did not survive the battle and were later used in the modeling and sculpting of their faces. The casting of the bronze took almost 3 years to complete. Once sculpted in plaster, it was then disassembled and shipped to Brooklyn, NY to be cast in bronze. There, the 108 parts would be cast, cleaned, finished, chased, then ultimately shipped back to be bolted and welded together.

The inscription on the statue reads, “Uncommon valor was a virtue”  a tribute by Admiral Chester Nimitz, and another reads, “In honor and memory of the men of the United States Marine Corps who have given their lives to their country since 10 November 1775″. Also inscribed are the names of the campaigns that the Marines have been involved in since 1775. The figures are 32 feet tall and the flagpole measures 60 feet. The base is made from 700 tons of concrete and 389 tons of black Swedish granite. At 78 feet above the ground, the memorial ranks among the largest bronze statues in the world.

The memorial is located at 14th Street North – Arlington, Virginia between Route 50 and the Arlington National Cemetery, open daily, 24 hours. There is a parade hosted by the Marine Corps Silent Drill Platoon and a Music In Motion performance by the Marine Drum and Bugle Corps from May through August on Tuesdays from 7:00 to 8:30 pm.

About the Author

James Bolton is founder and creator of lovefortheflag.com, a website dedicated to the flag of the United States of America and to promoting patriotism and loyalty to country.

Bathroom Twin Chrome and Glass Wall Light Straight Arm, BWTCH £26.50 Bathroom Wall Light Chrome and Glass….

WALL FIXED ROUND CHROME CONCEALED SHOWER HEAD ARM £9.99 “Chrome plated solid brass shower armStandard 1/2\” shower arm connection40mm extended screw thread enables a more secure fit. Most shower arms only offer 20-25mm, which can easily snap as normal UK household walls thickness are 15-20mm”…

CHROME 12 (1ft) Ball End Square SLATWALL Straight ARM BRACKET – SLATBOARD / Slatwall £6.98 Made From 12″ (1ft) long Heavy Duty Square Metal For Commercial Use.Chrome 12″ straight arm. Suitable For Display Different Sizes/Colours of items hanged. Standard arm for Attachment to Slatwall. 12″ projection from the wall….

Brothers In Arms £3.56 EX/EX…

Money for Nothing £5.99 CLASSIC ALBUM…

On The Night £2.27 This live album finds Mark Knopfler well into his decadent phase: prosperous, internationally acclaimed, and long past remembering the hard times and hungry years from which his band originally drew both its name and its attitude. Where the first three Dire Straits albums evinced a gritty determinism, an acknowledgement of their unfashionability coupled with an urgent desire to remake the world on…

Fresh Pretty Cure! DX Figure / Statue: Love Momozono a.k.a. Cure Peach / Angel 15 cm (straight Arm) £29.90 …

LEGO Star Wars Mini-Figure Battle Droid Pilot with Straight Arm & Blue Torso £0.99 …

LEGO Star Wars Mini-Figure Battle Droid – With Straight Arm and Vertical Grip …

Straight Arm Hook £2.71 …

3 Minutes To Huge Arms

We’ve discussed in previous articles that stretch-position exercises trigger extreme anabolic responses in muscle tissue, can trigger the myotatic reflex for excess fiber activation and also may be the emergency stimulus that splits muscle fibers (hyperplasia).

One study produced a 300 percent muscle mass increase in a bird’s wing muscle with stretch overload—in only one month! (That’s triple-sizing the muscle in 30 days!) After muscle-biopsy analysis, the researchers believe a lot of that mass was due to hyperplasia.

But building mass fast takes more than just working a muscle in its stretched position—and that goes for smaller ones like the brachialis too: You want capillary bed expansion, via some endurance-component stress as well—primarily in the fast-twitch 2As. Here’s how you can get it all in one double drop-set, or D-bomb—about three minutes of work—for new jaw-dropping arm size:

Phase 1: Use dumbbells that allow you to get eight tough reps on incline thumbs-up hammer curls. Keep them moving in a piston like fashion—no rest at the top or bottom—a cadence of about 1.5 seconds up and 1.5 seconds down. Remember, no pauses.

Keep tension on the brachialis muscles throughout the set, and at nervous system exhaustion, when you can’t do another full rep, do X Rep pulses from just out of the full stretch position at the bottom, pulling each one up about six inches. Those short blasts extend the tension time and enhance fiber recruitment exponentially.

If you can’t pulse, do a static contraction down low. In other words, hold the weight steady—at that max-force point, elbows slightly bent just before the straight-arm position—till you can’t stand the burn.

Phase 2: Immediately rack those dumbbells and grab two more that are about 10 pounds lighter. Jump back on the bench and crank out four to six more reps—as many as you can do—no X-Reps this time.

Phase 3: Immediately rack those dumbbells and grab two more that are another 10 to 15 pounds lighter—this time use the Double-X Overload (DXO) technique—after each full rep, do an X-Rep partial near the bottom of the stroke.

If you can’t stand using such light dumbbells or your front delts burn too much on this last phase, you can substitute barbell, dumbbell or cable reverse curls in DXO style—not as much stretch, but you can still get plenty of continuous tension by reversing the movement at the bottom before fully extending your arms.

Your arms will be pumped to immense proportions, especially if you do this sequence right after your biceps program!

It drives even more blood to the area, gives you stretched-position overload and intense anaerobic stress (lower reps) while still developing the endurance components of the fast-twitch muscle fibers (the mitochondria and capillaries)—and it won’t add even five minutes to your gym time.

Those three to four extra minutes will be well worth the time and effort. (Wait till you see the skin-stretching pump it produces!)

Tack it on to your biceps routine, and you’ll soon be getting wide-eyed looks every time you head out in a T-shirt. This very targeted brachialis sequence helped Jonathan push his arms passed the 19-inch barrier—no drugs, no trick photography.

Your arms have more potential for extreme impressiveness than you think! Hit the brachs, and prepare for stares as your guns morph into cannons.                                 By   http://www.anabolicpro.com

About the Author

http://anabolicpro.com

Dog Studies – Walkies Range Border Collie Sheepdog Figurine with Lead in Mouth Sitting LP8278 £16.99 Walkies! – Border Collie Sheepdog with Lead Dog Studies by Leonardo designed in England. Border Collie Sheepdog – Very cute and collectable ‘Walkies’ Range of Dog Figurines….

Dog Studies – Walkies Range West Highland Terrier Figurine with Lead Laying £9.99 Walkies! – West Highland Terrier with Lead Dog Studies by Leonardo designed in England. West Highland Terrier – Very cute and collectable ‘Walkies’ Range of Dog Figurines….

Dog Studies – Walkies Range Cocker Spaniel Figurine with Lead in Mouth Sitting £15.99 Walkies! – Cocker Spaniel with Lead in Mouth Dog Studies by Leonardo designed in England. Cocker Spaniel – Very cute and collectable ‘Walkies’ Range of Dog Figurines….

DC Comics Super Hero Collection No. 20 Booster Gold Comic and Hand Painted Lead Figurine £8.99 4 inch (10 cm) hand painted lead figurine. 20 page glossy comic with superheros info and historical data….

Lord of the Rings Collectors Models issues 1 – 70 eaglemoss hand painted lead figurines £339.99 The Lord of the RingsTM is an epic film trilogy about the struggle between the forces of dark and light in the world of Middle-earth. Now its extraordinary cast of characters is available in a collection that captures the diversity and spectacle of the movie series. Each instalment contains a unique Collector’s Model, created to be accurate in every detail of costume, weaponry and likeness, plus a…

The Classic Marvel Figurine Collection #42 Nightcrawler – Comes with Lead hand painted figurine – Ultra rare! £19.97 The Classic Marvel Figurine Collection #42 Nightcrawler – Comes with Lead hand painted figurine – Ultra rare!…

Hollow-Cast Civilian Toy Figures (Schiffer Book for Collectors) £51.96 …

The Great Book of Hollow-cast Figures £30.00 …

Lead Soldiers And Figurines. The World In Miniatures …

The Sources Of The Famous Vending Machines Figurines Plus Toy Capsules

You can generate more money by vending gadgets! Adding vending machine toys or vending machine figurines and vending machine toy capsules or simply toy capsules will be beneficial to just about any snack, gumball, or various other snack machine business. Gadgets such as pen toppers, creatures, bracelets, football headgear, bands, excite the girls and boys alike, they stimulate their imaginations, plus the kids are attracted to the actual vending machines which feature the favorite figures. Kids like to come near the vending machines toys and vending machines figurines they may have actually only been able to see in the media, and in the films. Quite often, the actual vending toys and vending figurines could be worn and the children wish to flaunt and be special and different from the other boys and girls in class and at the social activities. So what are origins of the very most common vending machines toy capsules? Those are the leading 3 vending machine toys sources: The Hollywood Storytellers, The Toy Entrepreneurs plus the Japanese Creators. Let’s look at the particular instances of vending toy capsules coming out of all of these 3 sources.

The Toy Entrepreneurs: Goofy Bandz

Consider the particular American enterprise out of Ohio, Brainchild Products. They only a short while ago developed the Silly Bandz label of molded silicon bracelets. What they have witnessed in only weeks subsequent to launching, is an extraordinary demand for these sort of wristbands across the nation. Your kids absolutely adore all of them. They collect them all, swap them, be jealous of them. Subsequently, the mother and father are not very far behind. Under pressure from the youngsters, the can do anything whatsoever to get their youngsters hands on Silly Bandz. The huge demand instantly popped up many different copycats such as Zanybandz, Logo Bandz, Goofy Bands, Bama Bandz, . There may be just no ending as to the forms the silicon wrist sillybandz are available in. Parents lost the fight about the names and talk about all fashioned silicone bands just as “silly bands”.

The Hollywood Storytellers

Whenever a screenplay makes it to the movie, the leading heroes are fashioned into celebs. They will show up everywhere you go, on billboards, on tv, inside cinemas, bookstores, they come with your current happy meal, and finally they are going to appear as toys and games inside toy vending machines. Due to the amazing promoting machine behind each Hollywood motion picture, the identification component for Hollywood movie based figurines and toys will be incredible. Youngsters can quickly recognize the vending machine toys inside vending machines or toy capsules and will be attracted to these.

The Japan Creators: Squishies Pen Toppers

The latest toy capsules vending fad appearing out of Japan is compact nevertheless innovative in the typical Japanese style. These are called Squishies Pencil Toppers and they’re small silicone toys that can be attached onto children pencils to mix them up. Squishies can come as squishy creatures, squishy humans, squishy insects and bumblebees, squishy frogs and squishy fish. A few come as illuminate squishies and they light whenever squashed!

About the Author

For further effective ideas on how to use recognized vending toys to boost your own vending machine profits, have a look at web site vending machine toy. To get the basic ideas concerning how these idea performs on an example of a plain bulk candy vending machine, visit site bulk vending machines.

miBook MKC10 Cooking Kit Includes Quick and Easy Meals and Irresistible Desserts Recipe Cards Don’t just read it- see it! Hundreds of recipes come alive with video clips, images, and sound. Move through each recipe step-by-step seeing how the dish should look at every turn. See the technique, hear the sizzle, and see the results. miBook stops automatically after each step, miBook also helps you plan menus based on main ingredients, method of cooking time available, letting you cook with ex…

Bakugan – Gundalian Invaders – Brawler Game Pack – Set 2 – MIB £24.99 Bakugan – Gundalian Invaders – Brawler Game Pack – Set 2 – MIB…

Bakugan – Gundalian Invaders – Brawler Game Pack – Set 5 – MIB £24.99 Bakugan – Gundalian Invaders – Brawler Game Pack – Set 5 – MIB…

Bakugan – Gundalian Invaders – Brawler Game Pack – Set 3 – MIB £26.99 Bakugan – Gundalian Invaders – Brawler Game Pack – Set 3 – MIB…

Timeline Of Binary Prefixes

1940s

1943-1944

J.W. Tukey coins the word bit as an abbreviation of “binary digit”.

1948

Reference to Tukey’s “bit” is made in a paper by information theorist Claude Shannon.

1950s

In the 1950s, “1 kilobit” meant “1000 bits”:

“In the ’50s, amazingly enough—and only total coincidence—I actually was given the job of writing the operational specifications [] They handed me this thing and said, “You’re going to define how the hand-over process works between direction centers,” and—and I had no idea what they were talking about. But we had… uh… one-kilobit lines connecting the direction centers and I thought, “Good God! 1,000 bits a second. Well, wel surely be able to figure out something to do with that.” Saverah Warenstein

1952

The first magnetic core memory, from the IBM 405 Alphabetical Accounting Machine, is tested successfully in April 1952. (The image shows 1012 cores; presumably one of

“Teaming up with a more experienced engineer, [Mike Haynes] built a core memory with just enough capacity to store all the information in an IBM punched card: 960 bits in an 8012 array. In May 1952 it was successfully tested as a data buffer between a Type 405 alphabetical accounting machine and a Type 517 summary punch. This first functional test of a ferrite core memory was made in the same month that a four-times smaller 16×16-bit ferrite core array was successfully tested at MIT.”

The IBM 701 computer, containing 72 Williams tubes of 1024 bits each, is released in April.

Principles of Operation does not seem to use “kilobit” anywhere. Specifies that memory tubes (IBM 706) hold 1024 bits each, drum memories (IBM 731) hold 2048 words each.

The IBM 737 optional magnetic core storage stores 4,096 words. Each plane stored 1616 = 4,096 bits.

1955

The IBM 704 manual uses decimal arithmetic for powers of two, without prefixes

“Magnetic core storage units are available with capacities of either 4,096 or 32,768 core storage registers; or two magnetic core storage units, each with a capacity of 4,096 core storage registers, may be used. Thus, magnetic core storage units are available to give the calculator a capacity of 4,096, 8,192, or 32,768 core storage registers.”

“Each drum has a storage capacity of 2048 words.”

1956

February

The IBM 702 Preliminary Manual of Information uses decimal arithmetic for powers of ten, without prefixes.

“Electrostatic memory is the principal storage medium within the machine. It consists of cathode ray tubes which can store up to 10,000 characters of information in the form of electrostatic charges…. Additional storage, as required, may be provided through the use of magnetic drum storage units, each having a capacity of 60,000 characters.”

“A character may be a letter of the alphabet, a decimal number, or any of eleven different punctuation marks or symbols used in report printing.”

“Each one of the 10,000 positions of memory is numbered from 0000 to 9999 and each stored character must occupy one of these positions.” (page

July

The word byte is coined by Dr. Werner Buchholz in July 1956, during the early design phase for the IBM Stretch computer.

IBM 650 RAMAC announcement

“The 650 RAMAC combines the IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Data Processing Machine with a series of disk memory units which are capable of storing a total of 24-million digits. The 305 RAMAC is an entirely new machine which contains its own input and output devices and processing unit as well as a built-in 5-million-digit disk memory.”

1957

June

The IBM 705 Operating manual uses decimal arithmetic for powers of ten, without prefixes.

“A total of 40,000 characters can be stored within the main storage unit of the Type 705.”

“Each one of the 40,000 positions in memory is numbered from 0000 to 39,999.” (page 17)

“One or more magnetic drums are available as optional equipment with a capacity of 60,000 characters each.”

Lewis, W.D., Coordinated broadband mobile telephone system

Earliest instance of “kilobit” in both IEEE explore and Google Scholar: “Central controls the mobile link with a rate of 20 kilobits per second, or less”.

1959

The term 32k is introduced to mean one of “approximately 32 x 1000″ or “exactly 32 x 1024″.

Real, P. (September 1959). “A generalized analysis of variance program utilizing binary logic.”. ACM ’59: Preprints of papers presented at the 14th national meeting of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM Press): pg 781 – 785. doi:10.1145/612201.612294. “On a 32k core size 704 computer, approximately 28,000 datum may be analyzed, without resorting to auxiliary tape storage.”.  The author is with the Westinghouse Electric Corporation.

1960s

1960

May

U.S. Patent 3,214,691 Frequency Diversity Communications System is filed on May 13, 1960:

“In actual construction, the delay line, which provides a total delay from one end to the other of one baud (10 microseconds for a 100 kilobit per second information rate), may be fabricated from lumped parameter elements, i.e., inductors and capacitors, in a well-known manner.”

“At a 100 kilobit per second information rate, both mark and space signals will generally be transmitted in any 0.0001 sec, interval, and therefore this requirement is easily met with conventional resistors and capacitors.”

October

Gruenberger, Fred (October 1960). “Letters to the Editor”. Communications of the ACM 3 (10). doi:10.1145/367415.367419. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/367415.367419. 

The 8K core stores were getting fairly common in this country in 1954. The 32K store started mass production in 1956; it is the standard now for large machines and at least 200 machines of the size (or its equivalent in the character addressable machines) are in existence today (and at least 100 were in existence in mid-1959).

1955-1961

A search of the Computer History Museum’s Stretch collection of 931 text documents dated from September 1955 through September 1961 shows no usage of k or K to describe main storage size.

1961

Gray, L; R Graham (1961). Radio Transmitters. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0070242402. http://www.danglaeserbooks.com/si/1286.html. “In the case of the transmission of business-machine or telemetered data, it is more usual to express the speed in bits or kilobits (1,000 bits) per second.” 

Quoted in OED as first instance of “kilobit”, though “it is more usual” suggests it is already in common use (see timeline entry for 1957)

February 17

Described device contains 512 words, 24 bits each (=12,288 bits)

September

“It is no longer reasonable to spend as much time to transmit an 80 bit address as 12 kilobits of message information-a 1500 to 1 ratio…. We have theoretically and experimentally proved that speech can be compressed from the straightforward requirement for 48 kilobit PCM channel capability to 2400 bits by the application of the Dudley syllabic vocoder.”

October

The IBM 7090 Data Processing System, Additional Core Storage (65K means “approximately 65000″)

“The Additional Core Storage feature for the IBM 7090 Data Processing System provides a second IBM 7302 Core Storage, increasing the capacity of main storage by 32,768 words. The block of storage represented by both 7302 units is referred to as “main storage unit.”

“Additional core storage provides two methods of using main storage: (1) The 65K modehe computer program is enabled to address both of the main storage units, and (2) the 32K modehe computer program is able to address only one storage unit, so that main storage capacity available to that program is effectively 32,768 words.”

The IBM 1410 Data Processing System uses decimal arithmetic for powers of ten, without prefixes

“Core storage units are available in 10,000-, 20,000- or 40,000-character position capacities.”

“The matrix switch makes it possible to address any one of the 100 X-drive lines (in a 10K core array).”

“The 40K core array requires 40,000 valid five-position addresses from 0,000 to 39,999.”

“This operation check detects errors in programming that cause invalid addresses. Examples: 40,000-and-above on a 40K core array; 20,000-and-above on a 20K core array. On a 10K core array, invalid addresses are detected by the address-bus validity check.”

1962

A reference to a “4k IBM 1401″ meant 4,000 characters of storage (memory).

1963

August

Ludwig uses kilobit in the decimal sense

DEC Serial Drum Type 24

“Drums are equipped to store either 64, 128, or 256 data blocks, providing a memory capability of 16384, 32768, or 65536 computer words” (no abbreviations)

November

Honeywell 200 Summary Description

“The main memory is a magnetic core … The memory unit supplied as part of the basic central processor has a capacity of 2,048 characters, each of which is stored in a separate, addressable, memory location. This capacity may be expanded in modular increments by adding one 2,048-character module and additional 4,096-character modules.”

“Random access disc file and control (disc capacities of up to 100 million characters are available.)”

“Up to eight drum storage units can be connected to the Model 270 Random Access Drum Control. Each drum provides storage for 2,621,441 characters, allowing a total capacity of approximately 21 million characters.”

1964

Gene Amdahl’s seminal April 1964 article on IBM System/360 used 1K to mean 1024.

Leng, Gordon Bell, et al., use K in the binary sense:

“The computer has two blocks of 4K, 18-bit words of memory, (1K=1024 words), attached to its central processor”

Falkin, Joel (May 1963). “Sorting with large volume, random access, drum storage”. Communications of the ACM archive 6 (5): 240244. doi:10.1145/366552.366580. “The Teleregister Telefile data processor includes drum storage whose capacity is far in excess of the requirements for sorting. … The Telefile data processor provides 16,000 positions in memory, each position storing one binary coded decimal character. A floating accumulator arrangement allows the accumulator to contain any field in memory from 1 to 100 characters in length. All indexing is accomplished programmatically. Input and output tape blocking is fixed at 300 characters per block.”. 

IBM Data Processing Division press release distributed on April 7, 1964.

“System/360 core storage memory capacity ranges from 8,000 characters of information to more than 8,000,000.”

IBM 7090/7094 Support Package for IBM System/360 – November

“An IBM 1401 Data Processing System with the following minimum configuration is also required: 1. 4K positions of core storage” U.S. Patent 3,317,902 – ADDRESS SELECTION CONTROL APPARATUS – Filed April 6, 1964

‘To facilitate understanding of the invention, the main storage area has been illustrated as being of 8K capacity; however, it is to be understood that the main storage area may be of larger capacity (e.g., 16K, 32K or 64K) by storing address selection control data in bit positions “2,” “1″ and “0″ of M register 197, respectively.’

1965

Wilkes, M.V. (April 1965). “Slave Memories and Dynamic Storage Allocation”. Electronic Computers, IEEE Transactions on EC-14 (2): pg. 270271. doi:10.1109/PGEC.1965.263967.  “One method of designing a slave memory for instructions is as follows. Suppose that the main memory has 64K words (where K=1024) and, therefore, 16 address bits, and that the slave memory has 32 words and, therefore, 5 address bits.”

IBM 1620 CPU Model 1 System Reference Library, dated 7/19/65, states:

“A core storage module, which is 20,000 addressable positions of magnetic core storage, is located in the 1620. Two additional modules are available … Each core storage module (20,000 positions) is made up of 12 core planes as shown in Figure 3. Each core plane contains all cores for a specific bit value.”

1966

U.S. Patent 3,435,420 CONTIGUOUS BULK STORAGE ADDRESSING is filed on Jan 3, 1966

‘Note that “K” as used herein indicates “thousands.” Each storage location in the present embodiment includes 64 data bits and 8 related parity bits, as described herein.’

“Thus, if only storage unit 1A were provided, it would contain addresses 0 through 32K; storage IB would include addresses between 32K and 64K, storage 2A would contain addresses between 64K and 96K, …”

1969

IBM 1401 Simulator for IBM OS/360

“1401 features supported are advanced programming, sense switches, tapes, multiply, divide, 16K core, and all standard instructions except Select Stacker.”

“1401 core is simulated by 16,000 bytes of S/360 core obtained dynamically.”

“Enough core must be available to allow at least 70K for a problem program area. If tape simulation is not required, this core requirement may be reduced to 50K with the removal of the tape Buffer area.”

U.S. Patent 3,638,185 HIGH DENSITY PERMANENT DATA STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM is filed on March 17, 1969 earliest Google Patent search containing “kilobyte”)

“The data word processor 606 handles the inflow and out-flow of byte-oriented input/output data and interleaved signals at a rate of, for example, 500 kilobytes per second. Instruction processing rates of four to eight per microsecond are required for such a data flow.”

U.S. Patent 3,618,041 Memory Control System is filed on Oct 29, 1969

“FIG. 2a shows a practical example of an operand address which consists of, for example 24 bits. It is assumed herein that each block includes 32 bytes, each sector includes 1 kilobyte, the buffer memory 116 includes 4 kilobytes, and read data is represented by one double word or 64 bits, as one word in this case consists of 32 bits.”

IBM System/360 Component Descriptions (IBM 2314 Direct Access Storage Facility)

“Each module can store 29.17 million bytes or 58.35 million packed decimal digits … total on-line storage capacity is 233.4 million bytes”

DEC PDP-11 Handbook

“PDP-11 addressing modes include . . . and direct addressing to 32K words” (Page 2) This appears to be the only use of K in this manual, though; elsewhere sizes are spelled out in full. Contrast the 1973 PDP-11/40 Manual, which defines K as 1024. (Below)

1970s

1970

“The following are excerpts from an IBM Data Processing Division press technical fact sheet distributed on June 30, 1970.

Users of the Model 165 will have a choice of five main core storage sizes, ranging from 512,000 to over 3-million bytes. Seven main memory sizes are available for the Model 155, ranging from 256,000 to over 2-million bytes.”

First 1,024-bit DRAM chip, the Intel 1103.

Weiler, Paul W.; Richard S. Kopp, Richard G. Dorman (May 1970). “A Real-Time Operating System for Manned Spaceflight”. Computers , IEEE Transactions on 19 (5): 388398. doi:10.1109/T-C.1970.222936. ISSN=0018-9340.  “Each of the five system/360 model 75 computers (Fig. 2) has one megabyte of primary core storage plus four megabytes of large core storage (LCS, IBM 2361).”

1971

IBM System/360 Operating System: Storage Estimates

“System/360 Configuration: Model 40 with 64K bytes of storage and storage protection”

Contains a lot of examples of “30K”, “136K”, “next highest multiple of 2K”, “The maximum buffer size is 64K bytes”, and the like. There are also calculations, which could be used to determine their precise meaning; however, the letter “K” is sometimes used as a variable in this document (see page 23).

1972

September

Lin and Mattson introduce the term Mbyte.

Lin, Yeong; Mattson, Richard (September 1972). “Cost-performance evaluation of memory hierarchies”. Magnetics, IEEE Transactions on (IEEE) 8 (3): pg 390392. doi:10.1109/TMAG.1972.1067329. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1067329&isnumber=22917. “Also, random access devices are advantageous over serial access devices for backing store applications only when the memory capacity is less than 1 Mbyte. For capacities of 4 Mbyte and 16 Mbyte serial access stores with shift register lengths of 256 bit and 1024 bit, respectively, look favorable.”. 

1973

Habib, Stanley (October 1973). “Notes from industry”. ACM SIGMICRO Newsletter (ACM Press) 4 (3): pg 29. doi:10.1145/1217132.1217137. .

OCEANPORT, N.J., SEPT. 25, 1973 — A 16-bit minicomputer priced at under $2,000.00 in quantities and a 32-bit minicomputer priced at under $6,000.00 in quantities were introduced today by Interdata, Inc. The 16-bit mini, the Model 7/16, includes an 8KB memory unit in its basic configuration, and will be available for delivery in the first quarter of 1974. The single unit price of the 7/16 is $3,200.00. The 32-bit mini, the Model 7/32, includes a 32KB memory unit and will be available for delivery in the second quarter of 1974. The single unit price of the 7/32 is $9,950.00.

DEC PDP-11/40 Manual

“Direct addressing of 32K 16-bit words or 64K 8-bit bytes (K = 1024)” (Page 1-1) Contrast the 1969 PDP-11 Handbook, which avoids this usage almost everywhere. (Above)

1974

The seminal 1974 Winchester HDD article which makes extensive use of Mbytes with M being used in the conventional, 106 sense. Arguably all of todays HDD’s derive from this technology.

The October 1974 CDC Product Line Card unambiguous uses MB to characterize HDD capacity in millions of bytes.

1975

Byte Magazine Dec 1975 article on IBM 5100 includes the following:

“User memory starts at 16K bytes in the minimum configuration and can be expanded to 64K bytes (65,536).”

Gordon Bell uses the term megabytes:

Bell, Gordon; Strecker, William (November 1975). “Computer structures: What have we learned from the PDP-11?” (PDF). ISCA ’76: Proceedings of the 3rd annual symposium on Computer architecture (ACM Press): pg 114. http://research.microsoft.com/~gbell/Digital/Bell_Strecker_What_we _learned_fm_PDP-11c 7511.pdf. “memory size (8k bytes to 4 megabytes).”. 

1976

DEC RK05/RK05J/RK05F disk drive maintenance manual

“Bit Capacities (unformatted)” “25 million” | “50 million” (57,600 bits/ track * 406 | 812 tracks = 23,385,600 | 46,771,200 bits

The Memorex 1976 annual report has 10 instances of the use of megabyte to describe storage devices and media.

Caleus Model 206-306 Maintenance Manual uses 3MB to characterize a drive having 3,060,000 bytes capacity.

The first 5 1/4 inch floppy disk drive, the Shugart SA 400, is introduced in August 1976. The drive had 35 tracks and was single sided. The data sheet gives the unformatted capacity as 3125 bytes per track for a total of 109.4 Kbytes (3125 x 35 = 109,375). When formatted with 256 byte sectors and 10 sectors per track the capacity is 89.6 Kbytes (256 x 10 x 35 = 89,600).

1977

HP 7905A Disc Drive Operator’s Manual

“nearly 15 million bytes” with no other abbreviations

1977 Disk/Trend Report – Rigid Disk Drives, published June 1977

This first edition of the annual report on the hard disk drive industry makes extensive use of MB as 106 bytes. The industry, in 1977, is segmented into nine segments ranging from “Disk Cartridge Drives, up to 12 MB” to “Fixed Disk Drives, over 200 MB.” While the categories changed during the next 22 years of publication, Disk/Trend, the principal marketing study of the hard disk drive industry always and consistently categorized the industry in segments using prefixes M and later G in the decimal sense.

VAX11/780 Architecture Handbook 1977-78. Copyright 1977 Digital Equipment Corporation.

Page 2-1 “physical address space of 1 gigabyte (30 bits of address)” The initial hardware was limited to 2 M bytes of memory utilizing the 4K MOS RAM chips. The VAX11/780 handbooks use M byte and Mbyte in the same paragraph.

1978

DEC RM02/03 Adapter Technical Description Manual

“The RM02 or RM03 Disk Drive (Figure 1-1) is an 80M byte (unformatted; 67M byte formatted) storage device in the 16-bit format, the maximum storage capacity is 33,710,080 data words per disk pack” (33,710,080 * 16/8 = 67,420,160 8-bit bytes)

1979

Fujitsu M228X Manual

“Storage capacity (unformatted)” “67.4 MB”, “84.2 MB”, etc.

“20,480 Bytes” per track, 4 tracks per cylinder, 808+15 cylinders = 67,420,160 bytes

Sperry Univac Series V77 Microcomputer Systems Brochure, Circa 1978, Printed July 1979

Page 5: Table list memory options as 64KB, 128KB, and 256KB. Memory Expansion is up to 2048KB

Page 9: “Memory for the V77-800 is available in 128K byte and 256K byte increments up to a maximum of 2 megabytes “

Page 21: Moving Head Disks – units up to 232 million byte disk pack systems. Diskette – storage of 0.5 MB per drive.

The following statistics were taken from the Dec 1979 editions of Byte Magazine and Datamation. The first number is the number of articles or advertisements that used any variant of megabyte for HDDs or Main memory while the second number is the total number of times it was used in the advertisement or article.

Variant

Used In Decimal Sense

Used In Binary Sense

million

1 / 1

megabyte

9 / 12

1 / 1

MByte or M Byte

3 /10

MB

5 / 18

Mb

2 / 2

1 / 3

M

1 / 1

Total

20 / 43

2 / 4

1980s

1980

Shugart Associates Product Brochure, published Jun 1980 specifies the capacity of its two HDDs using megabytes and MB in a decimal sense, e.g. SA1000 formated capacity is stated as “8.4 MB” and is actually 256321024 = 8,388,608 bytes.

Shugart Associates SA410/460 Data Sheet published Oct 1980 contains capacity specifications as follows:

Formatted Capacity

SA410

Single/Double Density

SA460

Single/Double Density

Per Disk

204.8/409.6 KBytes

409.6/819.2 KBytes

Per Surface

204.8/409.6 KBytes

204.8/409.6 KBytes

Per Track

2.56/5.12 KBytes

2.56/5.12 KBytes

Sectors/Track

10

10

Shugart Associates was one of the companies that invented the 5″ FD using K in a decimal sense.

Note that the same data sheet uses MByte in a decimal sense.

1981

8086 Object Module Formats

“The 8086 MAS is 1 megabyte (1,048,576)”

Quantum Q2000 8″ Media Fixed Disk Drive Service Manual

“four models … the Q2010 having an unformatted 10.66 Mb capacity on one disk platter and two heads, the … 21.33 Mb … 32.00 Mb … 42.66 Mb”

(1024 tracks “10.40Kb” per track = 10649 “Kb”, which they write as “10.66Mb”, so 1 “Mb” = 1000 “Kb”)

(256 Bytes per sector, 32 Sectors/tk = 8192 bytes, which they write as “8.20Kb” per track)

“Storage capacity of 10, 20, 30, or 40 megabytes”

“4.34M bits/second transfer rate”

Apple Disk III data sheet

“Formated Data Capacity: 140K bytes”

Apple uses K is a binary sense since the actual formated capacity is 35 tracks * 16 Sectors * 256 bytes = 140 KiB = 143.360 kB

1982

Brochure for the IBM Personal Computer (PC)

“User memory: 16KB to more than 512KB”, “single-sided 160KB or double-sided 320KB diskette drives”

IBM (July 1982). Technical Reference: Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library (Revised ed.). IBM Corp.. pp. page 293. 6025008. 

“The drives are soft sectored, single or double sided, with 40 tracks per side. They are Modified Frequency Modulation (MFM) coded in 512 byte sectors, giving a formatted capacity of 163,840 bytes per drive for single sided and 327,680 bytes per drive for double sided.”

Seagate ST 506/412 OEM Manual

“Total formatted capacity … is 5/10 megabytes (32 sectors per track, 256 bytes per sector, 612/1224 tracks)”

1983

IBM S/360 S/370 Principles Of Operation GA22-7000 includes as statement:

“In this publication, the letters K, M and G denote the multipliers 210, 220 and 230 respectively. Although the letters are borrowed from the decimal system and stand for kilo 103, mega 106 and giga 109 they do not have decimal meaning but instead present the power of 2 closest to the corresponding power of 10.”

IBM 341 4-inch Diskette Drive

unformatted capacity “358,087 bytes”

“Total unformatted capacity (in kilobytes): 358.0″

Maxtor XT-1000 brochure

“Capacity, unformatted” 9.57 MB per surface = 10,416 bytes per track * 918 tracks per surface = 9,561,888 byte (decimal MB)

Shugart Associates SA300/350 Data Sheet published circa Nov 1983 (one of the first MIC standard 3.5″ FDDs) contains capacity specifications as follows:

Formatted Capacity

Single Sided

Single/Double Density

Double Sided

Single/Double Density

Per Disk

204.8/409.6 kbytes

409.6/819.2 kbytes

Per Surface

204.8/409.6 kbytes

204.8/409.6 kbytes

Per Track

2.56/5.12 kbytes

2.56/5.12 kbytes

Sectors/Track

10

10

Shugart Associates, one of the leading FD companies used k in a decimal sense.

1984

The Macintosh Operating System is an early, if not the earliest, operating system consistently using SI prefixes in a binary sense.

In the original 1984 Apple Macintosh ad, page 8, Apple characterized its 3 floppy disk as “400K,” that is, 800512 byte sectors or 409,600 bytes = 400 KiB. Screenshots of Macintosh Finder shows the same usage of K in the Ki sense. Similarly, the February 1984 Byte Magazine review describes the FD as “400K bytes”.

1986

Apple IIgs introduced September 1986

ProDos16 uses MB in a binary sense.

Similar usage in “ProDOS Technical Reference Manual” (c) 1985, p. 5 & p. 163

Digital Large System Mass Storage Handbook (c) dated Sep 1986

“GByte: An abbreviation for one billion (one thousand million) bytes.” p. 442

“M: An abbreviation for one million. Typically combined with a unit of measure, such as bytes (MBytes), or Hertz (MHz).” p444

1987

Seagate Universal Installation Handbook

ST125 listed as 21 “Megabytes” formatted capacity, later document seems to confirm that this is decimal

Disk/Trend Report – Rigid Disk Drives, October 1987

First use of GB in a decimal sense in this HDD marketing survey; Figure 1 states “FIXED DISK DRIVES more than 1 GB” market size as $10,786.6 million.

Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1987) has binary definitions for kilobyte and megabyte.

kilobyte n [from the fact that 1024 (210) is the power of 2 closest to 1000] (1970): 1024 bytes

megabyte n (1970): 1,048,576 bytes

1988

Imprimis Wren VII 5 Inch Rigid Disk Drive Data Sheet, printed 11/88

“Capacity of 1.2 gigabyte (GB)”

1989

IBM Enterprise Systems Architecture/370, Reference Summary (GX20-0406-0), p50 (the last page), has a two table, one to recap the decimal value of power of 2 and 16 to 260, and one that read:

Symbol

Value

K(kilo)

1,024 = 210

M(mega)

1,048,576 = 220

G(giga)

1,073,741,824 = 230

Electronic News, Sep 25, “Market 1.5GB Drives”

“Imprimis and Maxtor are the only two drive makers to offer the new generation of drives in the 1.5GB capacity range”

“IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Fujitsu, Toshiba, Hitachi and Micropolis are expected to enter the market for 1.5GB capacity”

1990s

1990

GEOS ad

“512K of memory”

June

DEC RA90/RA92 Disk Drive Service Manual

“Storage capacity, formatted” “1.216 gigabytes”

1991

Micropolis 1528 Rigid Disk Drive Product Description

“1.53 GBytes” … “Up to 1.53 gigabytes (unformatted) per drive” “MBytes/Unit: 1531.1″ (210048,60815 = 1,531,152,000)

1993

Microsoft Windows 3.11 File Manager uses MB in a binary sense.

1994

Micropolis 4410 Disk Drive Information

“1,052 MB Formatted Capacity”

“Unformatted Per Drive 1,205 MB” (133.85 MB per surface, 9 read-write heads)

1996

August

FOLDOC defines the exabyte (1 EB) as 1024 petabytes (1024 PB), with petabyte used in the binary sense of 10245 B.

1997

May

FOLDOC defines the zettabyte (1 ZB) as 1024 exabytes (1024 EB) and the yottabyte (1 YB) as 1024 zettabytes (1024 ZB).

1998

IEC introduces unambigous prefixes for binary multiples (KiB, MiB, GiB etc.), reserving kB, MB, GB and so on for their decimal sense.

2000s

2001

IBM, z/Architecture, Reference Summary

Page 59, list the power of 2 and 16, and their decimal value. There is a column name ‘Symbol’, which list K(kilo), M(mega), G(giga), T(tera), P(peta) and E(exa) for the power of 2 of, respectively, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60

Peuhkuri adopts IEC prefixes in his paper at the 2001 Internet Measurement Conference: “… allows maximum size of 224 that requires 1 GiB of RAM … or acknowledgement numer [sic] is within 32 KiB range. … on a PC with Celeron processor with 512 MiB of memory … “

2004

2004 revision of IEEE Standard Letter Symbols for Units of Measurement (SI Units, Customary Inch-Pound Units, and Certain Other Units), IEEE Std 260.1, incorporates IEC definitions for KiB, MiB etc, reserving the symbols kB, MB etc for their decimal counterparts.

2005

March

IEC prefixes are adopted by the IEEE after a two-year trial period.

On March 19, 2005 the IEEE standard IEEE 1541-2002 (Prefixes for Binary Multiples) was elevated to a full-use standard by the IEEE Standards Association after a two-year trial period.

2007

Windows Vista uses the traditional binary conventions (e.g., 1 KB = 1024 bytes, 1 MB = 1048576 bytes) for file and drive sizes, and for data rates[citation needed]

xxK or xxM convention in common use anywhere?

GParted uses IEC prefixes for partition sizes

Advanced Packaging Tool and Synaptic Package Manager use standard SI prefixes for file sizes

BitTornado uses IEC prefixes for file sizes and standard SI prefixes for data rates

IBM uses “exabyte” to mean 10246 bytes. “Each address space, called a 64-bit address space, is 16 exabytes (EB) in size; an exabyte is slightly more than one billion gigabytes. The new address space has logically 264 addresses. It is 8 billion times the size of the former 2-gigabyte address space, or 18,446,744,073,709,600,000 bytes.”

2008

NIST guidelines require use of IEC prefixes KiB, MiB … (and not kB, MB) for binary byte multiples

p29, he names and symbols for the prefixes corresponding to 2 10 , 2 20 , 2 30 , 2 40 , 2 50 , and 2 60 are, respectively: kibi, Ki; mebi, Mi; gibi, Gi; tebi, Ti; pebi, Pi; and exbi, Ei. Thus, for example, one kibibyte is also written as 1 KiB = 2 10 B = 1024 B, where B denotes the unit byte. Although these prefixes are not part of the SI, they should be used in the field of information technology to avoid the non-standard usage of the SI prefixes.

2009

Apple Inc. uses the SI decimal definitions for capacity (e.g., 1 kilobyte = 1000 bytes) in the Mac OS X v10.6 operating system to conform with standards body recommendations and avoid conflict with hard drive manufacturers’ specifications.

References

^ a b The Jargon File (version 4.4.7)

^ Waldrop Lecture Transcript

^ Computer History Museum’s Stretch collection

^ The first magnetic core memory, from the IBM 405 Alphabetical Accounting Machine. (Frank da Cruz, Columbia University Computing History, Jan 2001)

^ E W Pugh, Building IBM: Shaping an Industry and Its Technology

^ IBM 701

^ The IBM 701 Defense Calculator

^ IBM Manual: Principles of Operation Type 701 and associated equipment

^ IBM Archives: IBM 737 Magnetic core storage unit

^ IBM Customer Engineering Reference Manual 737 Magnetic Core Storage

^ IBM Manual: 704 electronic data-processing machine manual of operation

^ 702 Preliminary Manual of Information

^ Timeline of the IBM Stretch/Harvest Era (1956-1961)

^ IBM Archives: 650 RAMAC announcement press release

^ 705 Operating manual

^ Lewis, W.D., Coordinated broadband mobile telephone system, IRE Transactions on Vehicular Communications, Jun 1957, Volume: 9, Issue: 1, pages 4348.

^ The symbol K used in 8K and 32K could have meant 1000 or 1024

^ The IBM Stretch Collection (Computer History Museum)

^ Gaunt, W., Jr.; Weller, D. (1961-02-17). “A 12-Kilobit, 5-Microsecond Twistor Variable Store” (PDF). Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers. IV. (Bell Labs., Inc., Murray Hill, NJ, USA): IEEE International. pp. 106107. http://www.paritycomputing.com/jpdfs/ieee/ssc/ireissc4/1961004/01feb/0106gaun.pdf. Retrieved 2007-03-22. 

^ Halina, J. (September 1961). “The Telephone Channel in a Global Communications System”. Communications, IEEE Transactions. 9. IEEE International. pp. 247252. ISSN 0096-2244. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=1097700. Retrieved 2007-03-22. 

^ IBM 7090 Data Processing System, Additional Core Storage – RPQ E02120

^ 1410 Data Processing System

^ Sonquiest, John A. (December 1962). “Fixed-word-length arrays in variable-word-length computers”. Communications of the ACM (ACM Press) 5 (12): pg 602. doi:10.1145/355580.369093. “The following scheme for assigning storage for fixed-word-length arrays seems to meet these criteria and has been used successfully in working with linear arrays on a 4k IBM 1401.”. 

^ Ludwig, G.H. (August 1963). “The Orbiting Geophysical Observatories”. Space Science Reviews 2 (2): 175218. doi:10.1007/BF00216779. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963SSRv….2..175L. Retrieved 2007-03-22. “The data handling bit rates can be set by ground command at 1000, 8000, or 64 000 bits per second for the EGO missions, or at 4000, 16 000, or 64 000 bits per second for the POGO missions. … depending on whether the 1, 4, 8, 16, or 64 kilobit rate is in use.”. 

^ DEC Serial Drum Type 24

^ Honeywell 200 Summary Description

^ Amdahl, Gene M.; Gerrit Blaauw; Fred Brooks (April 1964). “Architecture of the IBM System/360″ (PDF). IBM Journal of Research and Development (IBM) 8 (2). http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/441/amdahl.pdf.  Figure 1 gives storage (memory) capacity ranges of the various models in “Capacity 8 bit bytes, 1 K = 1024″

^ Gordon Bell: Books, Computers, Interviews, Papers, Patents, Projects, Videos

^ http://research.microsoft.com/users/GBell/Digital/Pulse Height Analyzer Leng and bellc.pdf C. G. Bell, J. Leng, J. A. Quarrington and P. K. Patwardham, “A Time-Shared Computer for Real-Time Information Processing,” Instrumentation Techniques in Nuclear Pulse Analysis, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, Washington, D. C. Publication 1184, Report #40, (1964).

^ IBM Archives: System/360 Announcement

^ IBM 7090/7094 Support Package for IBM System/360

^ 1401 Simulator for OS/360

^ IBM System/360 Component Descriptions

^ PDP-11 Handbook

^ IBM Archives: System/370 Model 155 (continued)

^ Who Invented the Intel 1103 DRAM Chip

^ IBM System/360 Operating System: Storage Estimates

^ ACM SIGMICRO Newsletter, Volume 4, Issue 3 (October 1973), ISSN:1050-916X

^ PDP-11/40 Manual

^ http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/186/ibmrd1806D.pdf

^ CDC Product Line Card

^ Computer structures: What have we learned from the PDP-11?

^ DEC RK05/RK05J/RK05F disk drive maintenance manual

^ Memorex 1976 annual report

^ Caleus Model 206-306 Maintenance Manual

^ Shugart SA 400

^ HP 7905A Disc Drive Operator’s Manual

^ VAX11/780 Architecture Handbook

^ DEC RM02/03 Adapter Technical Description Manual

^ Fujitsu M228X Manual

^ Sperry Univac Series V77 Microcomputer Systems Brochure

^ 8086 Object Module Formats

^ Quantum Q2000 8″ Media Fixed Disk Drive Service Manual

^ http://www.macmothership.com/gallery/MiscAds/diskIIIa.gif

^ http://www.macmothership.com/gallery/MiscAds/diskIIIb.gif

^ Brochure for the IBM Personal Computer (PC).

^ Seagate ST 506/412 OEM Manual

^ IBM 341 4-inch Diskette Drive

^ Maxtor XT-1000 brochure

^ Byte Magazine

^ http://www.maclovers.com/antiquariato/media/2gs_desktop.gif

^ Seagate Universal Installation Handbook

^ later document

^ GEOS ad

^ http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/disc/ra90/EK-ORA90-SV-003_RA90_RA92_Service_Jun90.pdf

^ Micropolis 1528 Rigid Disk Drive Product Description

^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Windows_3.11_workspace.png

^ Micropolis 4410 Disk Drive Information

^ http://foldoc.org/?query=exabyte Free online Dictionary of Computing

^ http://foldoc.org/?query=zettabyte Free online Dictionary of Computing

^ http://foldoc.org/?query=yottabyte Free online Dictionary of Computing

^ Prefixes for binary multiples

^ A method to compress and anonymize packet traces Internet Measurement Conference archive, Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Internet Measurement table of contents San Francisco, California, USA Session: Dealing with high speed links and other measurement challenges table of contents Pages: 257 – 261 Year of Publication: 2001 ISBN 1-58113-435-5 Author Markus Peuhkuri Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland

^ “IEEE-SA STANDARDS BOARD STANDARDS REVIEW COMMITTEE (RevCom) MEETING AGENDA”. 2005-03-19. http://standards.ieee.org/board/rev/305agenda.html. Retrieved 2007-02-25. “1541-2002 (SCC14) IEEE Trial-Use Standard for Prefixes for Binary Multiples [No negative comments received during trial-use period, which is now complete; Sponsor requests elevation of status to full-use.] Recommendation: Elevate status of standard from trial-use to full-use. Editorial staff will be notified to implement the necessary changes. The standard will be due for a maintenance action in 2007.” 

^ “A brief history of virtual storage and 64-bit addressability”. http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/zoslnctr/v1r7/topic/com.ibm.zconcepts.doc/zconcepts_102.html. Retrieved 2007-02-17. 

^ Barry N. Taylor & Ambler Thompson Ed. (PDF). The International System of Units (SI). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. pp. 23. http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP330/sp330.pdf. Retrieved 2008-06-18. 

^ “News – Snow Leopard: 1 GB = 1000 MB”. macprime.ch. 2009-06-19. http://www.macprime.ch/news/article/snow-leopard-1-gb-1000-mb/. Retrieved 2009-08-29. 

^ “How Mac OS X reports drive capacity”. Apple. 2009-08-27. http://support.apple.com/kb/TS2419. Retrieved 2009-08-30. 

Categories: Computing timelines | Units of informationHidden categories: Articles needing cleanup from April 2008 | All pages needing cleanup | History of Science articles needing expert attention | Articles needing expert attention from May 2008 | All articles needing expert attention | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009

About the Author

I am China Manufacturers writer, reports some information about stackers with ephedra , super slim capsule.

Abstract Fantasy Princess Warrior Dragon Rider A3 Medium Framed Canvas Art £17.99 This is a great canvas art, made by professional canvas makers in the UK with a focus on great quality materials….

Abstract Fantasy Princess Warrior Dragon Rider A2 Large Framed Canvas Art £39.99 This is a great canvas art, made by professional canvas makers in the UK with a focus on great quality materials….

Dragon Riding Motorbike Gothic Style Ornament £15.25 Dragon Riding Motorbike – Gothic Style Ornament…

Dragon Rider-Chiu Cheung Lun …

Dragon Rider-Chiu Cheung Lun …

DRAGON RIDER £11.97 …

RattleBone £9.99 1996 Album 11 tracks…

Dragon Rider T-Shirt HiveTees ShirtsHiveTees has specialized in custom-made garments since 2005.We stock all products in-house. Every order ships within 24 hours.Hanes 4980 Classic Lightweight T-ShirtThe Hanes 4980 is a 4.5 oz, 100% quality combed, ring-sput cotton shirt. The shirt is pre-shrunk to minimize shrinkage after washing.The fit is contemporary, the sleeves contour to the arm, and the shoulders are rolled fo…

Sleazy Rider, Welsh Dragon, classic round neck T shirt white size X large £5.99 This design is an Art2Wear original, it is printed on a classic short sleeved round neck T shirt. The design is available in a selection of sizes from Kids to XX Large adults, and in 4 colour options, white, silver grey, Royal Blue and black. Please select which option you require when buying. All designs are made to order, so if you have a special request we can create it for you. This design is…

Sleazy Rider, Welsh Dragon, classic round neck T shirt white size XX large £5.99 This design is an Art2Wear original, it is printed on a classic short sleeved round neck T shirt. The design is available in a selection of sizes from Kids to XX Large adults, and in 4 colour options, white, silver grey, Royal Blue and black. Please select which option you require when buying. All designs are made to order, so if you have a special request we can create it for you. This design is…

Add Some Spice To Your Figurine Collection With Fantasy Figurines

If you are a collector of fine art collectible figurines, there are probably several themes that you collect.  You may, however, start to feel that you are in a bit of a rut with your collections, and if that is the case, then this is the perfect time to start a new tradition and add a new line of figurines to your growing collection.  Many people become enchanted with beautiful fantasy figurines.  If you enjoy science fiction works and fantasy novels, then adding fairy figurines or dragon figurines to your collection may be just what you need to feel the joy of collecting again.  

A very popular artist who crafts figurines in the fantasy genre is Jasmine Becket-Griffith.  Jasmine Becket-Griffith figurines feature all manner of fairies, but in a huge selection of colors and styles.  One common denominator that sets Griffith’s figurines apart from others is that the fairies are always adorned with striped tights in various colors that coordinate with the colors used in the fairy wings and clothing.  You might select a Fairy Dragon Riders dragon figurine to get your collection started.  A bright red dragon with exquisite detailing is featured, along with a fairy that sits astride the dragon.  She has black hair with red accents, and her clothing is red, with black and red striped tights.  

Other figurines produced by this outstanding artist include a breast cancer support collection.  These fairies, which have red hair with pink highlights and a pink outfit with darker rose accents, can be purchased at many online retailers, and a portion of the price goes toward breast cancer research.  This allows you to not only get your fantasy collection going but to are also do something great to help others.

The unicorn also figures prominently in fantasy works, and so too in the figurine world.  Starlight Sapphire unicorns are available that feature the distinctive blue coloration, with multicolored wings and a yellow horn.  You can also find a unicorn as part of the base for a stunning dreamcatcher that offers a moonlight scene in shades of blues and purples.  

This is just a small sampling of the wide variety of fantasy figurines that are available.  You can find these and other gorgeous figurines by visiting an online fine collectibles website, where you can see each figurine depicted, and get more information about prices and shipping options.

About the Author

Wayne Hemrick writes about jasmine becket griffith figurines and fantasy figurines

Riders Of The Plague £4.13 …

Rebirth(Kamen Rider Blade 2Nd Ending Theme) £21.00 …

Masked Rider Blade New Opening Theme: Elements £3.33 …

Kamen Rider Blade [Japan Import] £52.68 Kamen Rider Blade. All our games are in Japanese Format (NTSC-J). Japanese (Box,package & manual written in Japanese)…

The Punisher Extended Cut (DVD) [2004] (Region 2) (Import) £17.99 Skadinavian Edition, PAL/Region 2 DVD: Subtitles: Danish, Finnish, Norwegian, Swedish, English, French, Spanish, Greek. Audio: English, French, Spanish. The Punisher Extended Cut 133. min. The Punisher walks through the world we all know, a world darkened by war, crime, cruelty and injustice. He has no superpowers to battle the evil he sees – only his fierce intelligence, his years of combat exper…

Short 1:1 – Invention [DVD] [1993] [Region 1] [US Import] [NTSC] £18.99 …

Secuestro Express [DVD] [2006] [Region 1] [US Import] [NTSC] £14.84 …

Oster Free Rider Pivot Motor Clipper With Adjustable Blade …

Bladefish Seajets (BF1000) £289.99 FAST – High capacity Lithium Ion Batteries working with a high performance motor and hydrodynamic design produce great speed. POWERFUL – The advanced propeller and sculpted nozzle generate maximum thrust. MANOEUVRABLE – Changes direction with a flick of the wrists thanks to ergonomic handles places directly beside the nozzle. COMPACT – The unique and innovative layout has produced a compact sea…

BladeFish 4000 Seajet £489.99 FAST – High capacity Lithium Ion Batteries working with a high performance motor and hydrodynamic design produce great speed. POWERFUL – The advanced propeller and sculpted nozzle generate maximum thrust. MANOEUVRABLE – Changes direction with a flick of the wrists thanks to ergonomic handles places directly beside the nozzle. COMPACT – The unique and innovative layout has produced a compact sea…

The Different type of scooters for different age group

wholesale razors have been around for years. Blade is one of the companies that have included wholesale razor in a altogether new point. From shooting to Scooters Scooters electric blade is all. Here you will speak about Scooters blow. Wholesale razors Innovation and frame imaginative kick scooter scooter has taken to new degrees. Ride ramps and freestyle tricks doing now a public thing due to wholesale razor Scooters blade, with all this amazing characteristic retaining the easy folding for shipping. A series of blade has the Professional edition as well Scooters, Cruiser, Carvr and Kiddie Scooters.

A1 is a scooter for initiates. This is the most affordable of series A and created for a initiate or little rider. As and you get good old immediate Scooters are A2 and A3. Apiece of these Scooters grow a slim more pricey then before it, but with the character and grows well as roads. An individual who has been dominant for a while, in all probability will be good riding A2 or A3.

In One Case you are ready to take the next step, Pro model is waiting. This is a heavy duty planned and developed in a professional style blade team. This is the board that you can feel stable in mounting the ramps and busting some impressive freestyle tricks and sure that it will give you a wonderful ride for years. You can watch few nuts scooter riding on youtube, and this video indicates that riding scooter is not simply for children who can not skateboard well. Scooters have turned an intensive sport as its own. New Tricks creative, nuts stunts, and high velocity are things that you now see from scooter riders. Not only on a toy to cruise on the sidewalk, but scooter riding is an extreme sport.

If you are cruising and mounting hills and pavements then blade also has a board built for this. Named Cruiser. Cruiser is developed for only that, cruising. It is fashioned with a huge floor and huge wheels for a decent way, more comfortable. Rocks or breaks in the pavement will not matter a bit to cruiser, because it will roll right over them and you will scarcely feel them. You should not trouble about stumbling a rock in the road when you are cruising at high velocity down hills.

Kiddie Scooters are just that, Scooters for youngsters. They are little and developed with safety in mind. Prepared from plastic they are for boys and very young girls who desire to get an early spring in scooter riding

About the Author

I have great interest in wholesale china goods.

As a famous wholesaler, I have engaged in this line for more than 10 years.

I am glad to share experiences of china wholesale with you.

Pendelfin Figure Brand New & Boxed: Bette £12.00 …

Brand New Royal Albert 100 Year Figure Rose £38.99 This is a brand new Royal Albert figure from the 100 year collection and this one is entitled Rose. It comes complete with box and measures approximately 7ins high. PLEASE NOTE THAT THIS ITEM IS FOR DECORATIVE PURPOSES ONLY, AND WE DO NOT POST ITEMS TO US OR CANADA….

Pendelfin Figure Brand New & Boxed: Batty £10.00 …

Brand New Life £15.99 …

Tom Clancy EndWar figure brand new in box …

Final Fantasy XIII – SAZH KATZROY – Play Arts, Kai Vol 2 – Action Figure £22.13 This figurine of Sazh Katzroy, one of the characters from Final Fantasy XIII, is 23.5cm tall and comes with two guns….

Pokemon Black White BW Zekrom Figure Nintendo 3DS Touch Pen Mascot Stylus £14.99 One 3DS Touch Pen. Touch Pen is accompanied by a detailed Zekrom figure attached on top of the stylus via a string/thread. Compatible with the 3DS’s stylus slot….

DELL INSPIRON 1520 630M 640M LAPTOP AC ADAPTOR CHARGER £8.00 Dell Inspiron 300m 500m 510m 600m 630m 640m 700m 710m 13 1318 15 14z 1420 1470 15z 1501 1520 1521 1525 1526 1545 1570 6000 E1405 E1505 1150 1320 14 1410 1425 1427 1440 17 1720 1721 1750 6400 8500 8600 9200 9300 9400 E1705 Dell Studio 13 14z 15 1555 1435 1440 1450 1457 1535 1536 1537 1555 1557 17 1735 1737 1745 1747 Dell Studio XPS 13 1340 16 1640 17 Dell XPS M1210 M1330 M140 M1530 Dell Latitude D4…

Dell Inspiron 6000 6400 630m 610m 700m 510m high power PA10 Laptop Adapter £10.30 Power cord not included – Requires C7 type also known as figure of eight to fully connect this to mains power….

12V 5A AC Adapter For LCD Monitors and LCD TVs, Brand new with UK standard power lead ……….. Hunterfield product, distributed by Hunterfield Ltd, all rights are reserved. £10.98 Standard 2.5mm/5.5mm DC plug. Central positive polarity. Brand New with 1 year warranty. VAT invoice is available upon request….

Exotic & Reliable Car Brands Sold in America

America’s population is more comfortable in traveling by car than any other mode of transport. This lifestyle has allowed various car brands from all over the world to establish and operate in America.

Ford

Ford has created a great hype in topping the chart of being America’s most reliable car brand. Ford has made a mark in being the most liked domestic car as well as in the truck series. It has sold nearly one third of its volume in American market and has cut $ 4,000,000,000 of its debt.

Chevrolet

Chevrolet’s equinox is a hot selling car in the domestic market while Silverado is the most run truck in American roads. Other cars under Chevrolet has also made impressive sales, they are Malibu, Impala and Cobalt.

Toyota

Toyota has dropped down to number three in terms of being America’s bestselling car brand. It has reached sales figure of more than 5.3 million sales last year. It has been successful in maintaining its customer loyalty and positive opinion about its brand.

After going through a period of lowered customer loyalty by 11% from November 2009 to Feb. 2010, Toyota again rose up by 10% in Feb. march this year. The reason for this increase in sales is the strong communication that Toyota maintains with its customers at the dealership level.

Toyota remains to be in the top list of America’s most loved brand, although it is accompanied by Chevrolet and ford.

Honda

Honda is Japan’s third largest car manufacturing company. It has made a profit forecast in American market which is 6% more than the previous figure. Honda gets 42% of its total sales figure from American market and is further expecting a rise of 11% in it this year.

Best cars as per customer preference

As per research done, from customer’s preference for brands of car in America is as follows. While Subaru and Honda made the best cars but the ford was on the gain side. Volvo and general motors’ were on the improving side but Mercedes Benz scores were not much appreciated.

While European cars performed well but it terms of reliability and control it was only Volvo that made its mark from the European brand.

The auto makers were ranked based on the road test and reliability predictions. The road test covered the following parameters like comfort, safety, reliability, fuel economy, convenience, covering performance etc.

Due to the demand and availability of various car brands in America, there is an increased demand and availability of car dealers in America. Car dealers will help you to get the right kind of car from the entire car brands list. Be it new or used car, your search ends after you get the right car dealer.

About the Author

I am Clint White from Alabama USA. I like traveling a lot and to drive new set of wheels. Providing information about exotic car brands in America.

Star Wars Original Design – 24 Edible Wafer Paper Fairy/Cup Cake Toppers £3.99 24 Star Wars styled original style edible rice paper fairy cake toppers. A variety of designs including Darth Vader, C3PO, Anakin and Storm Troupers. Simply cut out and stick to fairy cakes with icing. Diameter of each topper is approx 3cm / 1.6″. Ingredients: Potato Starch, water, vegetable oil. Manufactured in a nut free environment….

The Empire Strikes Back Original Movie Score Star Wars Movie 64x90cm Poster £2.25 Film Poster: The second of the original Star Wars movies The Empire Strikes Back, and so it should have after having its Death Star blown to smithereens. Romance is also in the air for Princess Leia Organa & Han Solo, because she finds out Luke Skywalker is her brother; in every Star Wars movie poster there seems to be the humorous & friendly C-3PO & R2-D2, overshadowed by the ominous Darth Vader,…

Return of the Jedi Original Movie Score Star Wars Movie 64x90cm Poster £1.99 Film Poster: The third original Star Wars movie The Return of the Jedi was released in 1983 and it brought us the glorious incarnation of Jaba the Hutt, what more could we have asked for except the Ewoks. Luke Skywalker, Han Solo, Princess Leia Organa, Lando Calrissian & of course the ever present dark force of Darth Vader grace this poster….

Simon and Garfunkel’s Greatest Hits £4.93 …

Human Traffic Ost £16.99 …

Star Wars: Episode III: Revenge of the Sith £4.46 This CD + DVD package comes with a Special Edition Amazon.co.uk Exclusive Slipcase. John Williams’ lovely and moving score for the sixth Star Wars film brings thirty years of collaborating on George Lucas’ beyond-popular intergalactic franchise to a close. (Is this really the end of Star Wars? Can’t Lucas and Williams work together on a prequel to these prequels? Let us hope so, and that Jar Jar B…

Star Wars Trilogy Boxset [VHS] [1977] £34.99 One explanation for the enduring appeal of George Lucas’ “space opera” might be that the Star Wars universe is a clever synthesis of a multitude of filmic, cultural and folkloric references, from Robin Hood (the Errol Flynn incarnation of course) to Tolkien to Samurai legends and Kurosawa’s Hidden Fortress in particular (the inspiration for R2D2 and C3PO). As a result, audiences of almost all ages…

Star Wars Trilogy (Special Edition) [Gold Box Set] [VHS] £34.99 This three-disc edition of George Lucas’s Star Wars Trilogy is basically the same set as the previous edition minus the bonus fourth disc. That means you get the three original films–A New Hope (1977), The Empire Strikes Back (1980), and Return of the Jedi (1983)–in their brilliant-looking and -sounding DVD glory. That means you also get both the changes that were made for the 1997 special-editi…

Original release Star Wars Episode 4 – Digitally Remastered Widescreen Edition [VHS] £13.99 …

Star Wars – Original Poster Tote Bag £13.95 Officially licensed Lucasfilm Ltd merchandise canvas Shopping Bag….

Lego Blocks – Why Have They Successfully Endured The Test Of Time?

Lego blocks were originally patented on January 28th 1958 – that’s more than 50 years’ ago. Yet, did you know that you could still use any Lego building bricks you might have bought from that year with the company’s current-day bricks?

In to-day’s throw-away society, very few products can boast such a remarkably long shelf-life, and the durability of these attractive, colourful blocks is just one reason out of many for their outstanding popularity. But, before we consider the other reasons, let’s take a brief look at the beginnings of this renowned plastic brick …

Origins Of Lego

The original founder of today’s colourful plastic building brick was a Danish carpenter named Ole Kirk Christiansen who, at first, concentrated on making wooden toys.

In 1934, the carpenter named his company “Lego”, from the Danish “leg godt” which, roughly translated, means “play well”. However, it wouldn’t be until the year 1940 that the company started to offer plastic toys. And, it wasn’t until nearly 10 years’ later – in 1949 – that interlocking bricks were introduced, sporting the now-famous round studs on one side, and rectangular hollow on the other.

Reasons For Their Success

When originally introduced, the little building bricks were not particularly versatile. Also, plastic was not considered in a particularly favorable light when compared to wood. However, the Company, with its motto of: “Kun det bedste er godt nok”, or: “Only the best is good enough”, continually worked on and improved its toy.

Nowadays, it’s renowned Worldwide, perhaps being fairly unique in the fact that it pleases both children and their parents: kids derive hour upon hour of fun from it; whilst Mom and Dad recognize that playing with the toy is developing their offspring’s creativity, dexterity, as well as problem-solving faculties.

Here are just a handful of other reasons for the never-ending popularity of the bright little bricks:

 

• Safe, suitable, and fun for children of all ages … adults too!
• Versatile – most ranges are compatible with each other.
• Durable – you can even pass them on from one generation to another.
• Value-for-money – once purchased, they could last longer than you!
• Easy-to-clean – jus wash in warm, soapy water.
• Easily-obtainable – from local stores, the Internet, or Ebay.
• Environmentally-friendly production and marketing.
• Many different styles – from the ordinary building bricks through to boxed, up-to-date themes such as Harry Potter, Star Wars and Space Police, which include all people and items to fit the particular theme.

The Company continually strives to improve its product. Nowadays, you’ll even find Lego Education Centers, complete with qualified instructors, and fun, Legoland Parks, where you and your family can enjoy castles, dinosaurs, pirates, wild animals, and even water parks.

 

Fads come and go but, one thing’s for sure … Lego blocks are definitely here to stay!

About the Author

Kevin Burns is creator of Burns-Brick-Country.com, where you can read about and share your stories of the famous Lego blocks.